This paper explores the nature of trust in nurse–patient relationships from the perspective of the patient's trust in the nurse and what might be said to then render such a relationship trustworthy, from the patient's point of view. The paper commences with a general examination of the nature of trust, followed by consideration of the nature of professional–patient relationships in healthcare, with emphasis on nurse– patient relationships in particular. The nature of this relationship is used to provide grounds for arguing, (...) both morally and conceptually, that the nature of patients’ trust in those who nurse them is generally such that for the nurse to respond in a trustworthy way, she must care about her patients, not just for them. In arriving at this conclusion, the paper deliberately restricts its focus to nurse–patient encounters where patients are adults and a relationship, as opposed to a brief engagement between two people, can be said to have taken place. The context for this focus is public sector health care in the United Kingdom. In the text, gendered pronouns referring to doctors, nurses and patients are meant to be inclusive of both sexes. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage organise a la maniere pedagogique d'un cours propose une lecture systematique de La Metaphysique d'Aristote a la lumiere des commentaires de la tradition thomiste. La metaphysique, dite philosophie premiere, a pour objet la science des premiers principes et des premieres causes. L'ensemble des huit lecons proposees ici explicite, analyse et critique les concepts majeurs de la metaphysique: etant, essence et etre (esse), substance et accidents, matiere et forme, etc., puis les causes de l'etre ainsi que les principes de (...) l'activite rationnelle: non-contradiction, causalite. Au terme de cette etude, l'intelligence, parvenue au terme de son effort d'analyse, est ainsi conduite a l'affirmation rationnelle de la premiere cause et du premier etant (primum ens), celui qu'on appelle Dieu. Veritable traite, cet ouvrage offre au lecteur toutes les cles de lecture de la metaphysique realiste. La soeur Louise-Marie Antoniotti (decedee en juillet 2012) etait moniale dominicaine a Paray-le-Monial. Agregee de philosophie et lecteur en theologie, elle a collabore a la Revue thomiste et enseigne la theologie au Service monastique d'etudes theologiques. (shrink)

L'environnement numérique oblige à revoir les modèles sur lesquels se fondent les sciences de l'information et de la communication. La pensée du signe, du message et du document doit en effet évoluer vers une pensée de la traçabilité. Indicielle et détachable, automatique et malléable, la trace est un objet paradoxal, qui atteste le caractère indissociablement technique et politique de la présence numérique. Dans le règne de l'information sur mesure, la personnalisation nous rend plus actifs, tout en nous exposant au profilage. (...) Elle va jusqu'à redéfinir l'identité comme une collection de traces que nous devons apprendre à protéger, mais aussi à administrer. Cette nouvelle économie des empreintes enchevêtre les hiérarchies entre stock et flux comme entre contenu et relation. Recyclant nous-mêmes les traces que d'autres ont déposées, c'est désormais dans l'ombre numérique de la cité que nous sommes appelés à naviguer. Au-delà de la défense de la vie privée, il en va donc aussi de la mémoire et de l'oubli qui nous relient.The digital environment is forcing us to re-think the models on which media studies and information science are based. Theories of signs, messages and documents need to evolve towards reflections on traceability. Traces are paradoxical objects: linked to the personal yet detachable, automatic yet malleable, they bear witness to the inextricable links between the technical and the political in the digital sphere. In an age of "customized information", personalization makes people more active, and also exposes them to profiling, to the point where identity is being redefined as a collection of traces which we must learn to protect, and also to manage. This new economy based on digital "footprints" is overturning the hierarchical relationships between stock and flow, and between content and interaction. As we ourselves recycle the traces that others have left, we are having to find our way through the shadowlands of digital citizenship. Over and above privacy protection, what is at issue are the memories, but also the forgetting, that bind us to each other. (shrink)

Renowned as the chief challenger of traditional views of morality, man's freedom, and religion from 1650-1750, Benedict de Spinoza (1632-77) spread alarm and ...

Au Québec, la Loi sur l’accès aux documents des organismes publics et sur la protection des renseignements personnels offre une exception en matière de transparence à la plupart des institutions publiques où la recherche en santé publique est menée en leur permettant de ne pas divulguer leurs utilisations de données à caractère personnel (souvent collectées sans le consentement des personnes étudiées). Cette exception est éthiquement problématique en raison de préoccupations importantes (ex. : la protection de la vie privée et les (...) inconvénients potentiels des utilisations secondaires de données) et nous soutenons que tous ceux qui mènent des recherches doivent être transparents et responsables du travail qu’ils accomplissent dans l’intérêt public. (shrink)

Gleïzès, philosophe proche des Méditateurs et des dormeuses, avait écrit une épopée pionnière du mouvement végétarien se déroulant sur la Montagne noire dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Ce livre en main, Louise Hervé et Clovis Maillet ont été à la rencontre des maraîchers et des végétarien·nes de la région en 2023, au lendemain d’une grande manifestation contre la construction de l’autoroute Toulouse-Castres. Leur cri de ralliement était : « Moins de bitume, plus de légumes ».

La pratique de la divination, telle que Xénophon l’expose tout au long de l’Anabase, est la mise en œuvre d’un mode de communication avec les dieux qui peut emprunter des formes diverses, mais dont la principale est le sacrifice et l’observation des signes positifs ou négatifs, offerts par les victimes. Elle suppose une bienveillance de la divinité toujours prête, semble-t-il, à répondre aux questions posées par les hommes, dans le domaine public comme dans le privé, pourvu que ces questions soient (...) légitimes. Le reste de l’œuvre relève de la même conception, influencée par Socrate, comme le suggèrent les Mémorables, et trouve son origine dans la consultation de l’oracle de Delphes, au moment de son départ pour l’expédition organisée par Cyrus et qui deviendra l’expédition dite des Dix Mille.Divination, as described by Xenophon in the Anabasis, represents a means of communication with the gods, which can take several forms. The offer of a sacrifice is the first of these, with the observation of the signs given by the victims. This practice assumes that the gods are kind and that they are always ready to respond to questions posed by people either in public or in private, if these questions are legitimate. The same idea, influenced by Socrates, is found in all Xenophon’s works, as evidenced in the Memorabilia, beginning with Xenophon’s consultation of the Delphic oracle on joining Cyrus’ expedition, which would known as the “Ten Thousand” expedition. (shrink)

Background Speech understanding may rely not only on auditory, but also on visual information. Non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques can expose the neural processes underlying the integration of multisensory processes required for speech understanding in humans. Nevertheless, noise (from fMRI) limits the usefulness in auditory experiments, and electromagnetic artefacts caused by electronic implants worn by subjects can severely distort the scans (EEG, fMRI). Therefore, we assessed audio-visual activation of temporal cortex with a silent, optical neuroimaging technique: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods (...) We studied temporal cortical activation as represented by concentration changes of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in four, easy-to-apply fNIRS optical channels of 33 normal-hearing adult subjects and 5 post-lingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users in response to supra-threshold unisensory auditory and visual, as well as to congruent auditory-visual speech stimuli. Results Activation effects were not visible from single fNIRS channels. However, by discounting physiological noise through reference channel subtraction, auditory, visual and audiovisual speech stimuli evoked concentration changes for all sensory modalities in both cohorts (p<0.001). Auditory stimulation evoked larger concentration changes than visual stimuli (p<0.001). A saturation effect was observed for the audiovisual condition. Conclusions Physiological, systemic noise can be removed from fNIRS signals by reference channel subtraction. The observed multisensory enhancement of an auditory cortical channel can be plausibly described by a simple addition of the auditory and visual signals with saturation. (shrink)

This article examines one aspect of the criticism of inauthenticity that can be levelled against the trustworthiness of professional relationships in general and nurse-patient relationships in particular. The overall question is: are such relationships inherently trustworthy or untrustworthy, from the patient’s point of view? The author concludes that, in spite of legitimate grounds for concern, and while it remains true that nurse-patient relationships may be untrustworthy, they are not inherently so for reasons of inauthenticity relating to emotional labour. The arguments (...) used to defend this claim take their force from the idea that different criteria may be needed to assess the authenticity of nurse-patient relationships from those used to evaluate authenticity in ordinary social relationships. The utility of Hochschild’s idea of ‘deep’ acting, as offering a useful model for the management of emotions in nursing, is examined and rejected. (shrink)

The reality of spirits? A historiography of the Akan concept of 'mind' (La réalité des esprits: Vers une historiographie de la conception akan de l'esprit). In this article the following thesis is considered: the classifications used to define African Indigenous Religions are 'inventions' of Western scholars of religion who employ categories that are entirely "non-indigenous". The author investigates the presumptions of this statement and discusses the work of scholars of religion studying the Akan and in particular the Akan concept of (...) mind. In the analytic philosophical tradition the precise meaning of Akan concepts of mind such as okra and sunsum, described by various scholars of religion in different eras, are reviewed. The pre-colonial, colonial and the postcolonial era all have had specific influence on the conceptualisation of the mind. On the basis of an historiography of the Akan mind the author concludes that, contrary to the originally thesis under review, 'cultural background' and 'academic discipline' are relatively unimportant in the classification of 'indigenous religions'. The 'paradigm' prevailing within a discipline , 'personal belief' and the spatio-temporal context in which conceptualisations are created, turn out to be far more significant. (shrink)

This article suggests that there is a relationship between successfully maintaining integrity in nursing and the practical provision of opportunities for shared reflection offered by good clinical supervision. In order to establish this case, I will first give some definitions and then proceed to consider how these ideas relate conceptually. The article makes no attempt to offer empirical research as confirmation, but provides a conceptual and moral argument making use of anecdotes for puposes of clarification and illumination. It is the (...) author’s belief that, if it is understood and implemented properly, clinical supervision offers a radical challenge to nursing’s existing culture. If nurses are interested in the survival of the profession, it is perhaps a challenge that has to be addressed. (shrink)

Quelle lumière l'idée d'athéisme et la figure de l'athée jettent-elle sur les concepts de tolérance, de liberté de conscience et de laïcité? Pour répondre à cette question, cet ouvrage fait le choix d'éclairer le présent par une perspective historique, en analysant la manière dont l'athéisme est apparu et s'est développé dans le questionnement théologico-politique et philosophique depuis le XVIIe siècle."--Page 4 of cover.

This article explores issues involved in representing Buddhism in museums, drawing on the author’s experience of curating the Buddhism display at the World Museum Liverpool. It is concerned with processes of de-contextualization and re-contextualization, focussing on whether sacred images become divested of their religious functions once they enter a museum or if, instead, the gallery can be considered an alternative arena for contemplation. The article begins by reviewing the literature on museums and the sacred. It discusses the lack of concern (...) historically for religion in museums, noting how sacred objects have tended to be ‘secularized’ in exhibitionary contexts. It then examines the Buddhism display at the World Museum Liverpool, part of the permanent World Cultures gallery which opened in 2005, with its reconstructions of a shrine, an altar and a protective chapel — this is a museological environment which deliberately evokes the atmosphere of a temple. (shrink)

The Catholic Church assumed vast power and influence in early twentieth century Ireland based on political, social and religious developments in the course of the nineteenth century. The first Irish governments under Costello and de Valera were deferential in relation to the power and place of the Catholic Church in Irish life. The 1950s represented the final phase of the dominance of the Catholic Church. Since then, a wide variety of influences from emigration to the mass media to issues related (...) to family planning have undermined the social framework of Church dominance in Irish life. By highlighting the ideas and arguments of priests and prelates, this article summarizes the remarkable changes that have come to Ireland undermining the status and privilege of the Church in Irish politics and society. (shrink)

Responsibility within life science research is a highly scrutinised field. Increasingly, scientists are presented with a range of duties and expectations regarding their conduct within the research setting. In many cases, these duties are presented deontologically, forgoing extensive discussion on how these are practically implemented into the minutiae of daily research practices. This de-contextualized duty has proven problematic when it comes to practical issues of compliance, however it is not often considered as a fundamental aspect of building ethics discourse. This (...) paper examines this issue in detail, particularly focusing on how differences in the contrasts between the ideal and real physical research environments cause conceptual problems for scientists and retard ethical engagement. Such issues are particularly pertinent in low- and middle-income countries. This paper combines theoretical and empirical analyses using the concept of “dual-use” as a focalizing topic. The data show that the research environment acts as an intimate component in the interpretation and implementation of ethical actions. (shrink)

This article explores the question of whether or not the ‘art’ of nursing can properly be described as an ‘aesthetics’. The author concludes that, although much nursing literature on the subject is confused and even incoherent, there is nevertheless some justification for seeing a connection between the art of nursing and aesthetics. The philosophical writings of Martha Nussbaum and Iris Murdoch are used to support this position.

Comme chacun sait, nous vivons à une époque où le changement est une donnée fondamentale de I’ action et aussi de Ia pensée. De ce point de vue, il est bizarre de penser que des hommes, disons des philosophes, aient non seulement posé l'immutabilité comme critère constitutif de Ia vérité mais en outre qu'ils aient défendu ce critère selon les règles de l'éloquence, avec un succès public notoire. En effet, dire d'un concept qu'il se définit au sein d'une rhétorique c'est (...) dire, entre autres choses, qu'il présente, aux yeux du locuteur qui le propose avec succès, une valeur et une importance qui peuvent être montrées. Encore une fois, dans un monde où le changement est devenu banal, Ia défense efficace de l'immutabilité est non seulement un anachronisme: elle est bizarre. (shrink)

Dans les débats suscités par les écrits de Thomas Kuhn, je me suis intéressée au caractère habituellement non thématisé d'une objection levée contre sa théorie des paradigmes, ainsi qu'au caractère ambigu de la réfutation que lui apporte Kuhn. L'objection porte sur le rapprochement abusif que la théorie des paradigmes opérerait entre l'homme de science et l'homme ordinaire, comme si pour Kuhn la science relevait du bon sens. De son côté, et en dépit de la fréquence de ses références à l'homme (...) ordinaire, Kuhn déclare que cette interprétation de sa théorie n'est pas pertinente. (shrink)

Prenant appui sur une récente expérience dans le cadre d’une alliance de recherche universités-communautés (ARUC) impliquant quelques communautés innues du Québec, cet article aborde certains des enjeux propres à une éthique collaborative. La relation de recherche entre autochtones et allochtones demeure profondément marquée par l’histoire et par la tradition scientifique occidentale. Dans un contexte ou plusieurs communautés et organisations autochtones élaborent des protocoles et lignes directrices portant sur l’éthique et les pratiques de recherche, et ou les chercheurs se tournent vers (...) des approches qui se veulent plus inclusives et des méthodologies davantage participatives, cette réflexion vise a mettre en évidence le pouvoir critique de la collaboration, les obstacles et les limites sur lesquels elle se heurte actuellement, et aussi son potentiel de transformation, voire de guérison individuelle et collective. (shrink)

Dans cet article, la question de l'immobilisme est abordée à la suite d'un détour par la description sommaire de diverses tendances féministes regroupées sous les catégories de féminismes de revendication, féminismes de libération et féminismes d'affirmation de la différence. Cette présentation permet de retracer une histoire des femmes et de leurs mouvements. À la suite de ce tour d'horizon, l'auteure essaie d'analyser le trait d'immobilisme dont on taxe les femmes et que l'on retrouve même, à des degrés et à des (...) titres divers, dans de nombreuses thèses féministes. S'agit-il d'une caractéristique spécifiquement féminine ou cette constatation dépend-elle du lieu d'énonciation ? Quelques hypothèses sont envisagées pour ouvrir la question.In this article the issue of immobility is dealt with following a brief digressive description of the various femenists leanings, regrouped into categories of protest feminism, liberation feminism, and feminism assertive of difference. This presentation makes it possible to relate a history of women and their movements. Following this general survey, the author attemps to analyse the trait of immobility of wich women are accused and wich is found in many feminist argumentations to various degrees and under various labels. Is this a specifically feminine trait or does this observation depend on the context of uttering. Several hypotheses are considered in dealing with this issue. (shrink)

Au polyhandicap sévère, la société a réagi de trois manières différentes : par une « hémiplégie » visuelle d’abord, en l’ignorant, par une atteinte de son narcissisme, liée à sa culpabilité de le rejeter, et par une effraction enfin des enveloppes familiales. Pour les familles et les équipes éducatives, c’est la rencontre pérenne avec la différence, le traumatisme, mais aussi avec le déni. Même si historiquement cette prise en compte évolue, un travail de lien est à réaliser, ce que l’auteure (...) illustre par diverses situations issues de sa pratique. (shrink)

In this paper, we present an agent-based model for studying the impact of 'myside bias' on the argumentative dynamics in scientific communities. Recent insights in cognitive science suggest that scientific reasoning is influenced by `myside bias'. This bias manifests as a tendency to prioritize the search and generation of arguments that support one's views rather than arguments that undermine them. Additionally, individuals tend to apply more critical scrutiny to opposing stances than to their own. Although myside bias may pull individual (...) scientists away from the truth, its effects on communities of reasoners remain unclear. The aim of our model is two-fold: first, to study the argumentative dynamics generated by myside bias, and second, to explore which mechanisms may act as a mitigating factor against its pernicious effects. Our results indicate that biased communities are epistemically less successful than non-biased ones, and that they also tend to be less polarized than non-biased ones. Moreover, we find that two socio-epistemic mechanisms help communities to mitigate the effect of the bias: the presence of a common filter on weak arguments, which can be interpreted as shared beliefs, and an equal distribution of agents for each alternative at the beginning. (shrink)

In Québec, the Act Respecting Access to Documents Held by Public Bodies and the Protection of Personal Information provides an exception to transparency to most public institutions where public health research is conducted by allowing them to not disclose their uses of personal data. This exceptionalism is ethically problematic due to important concerns and we argue that all those who conduct research should be transparent and accountable for the work they do in the public interest.

Fodor and LePore's reconstruction of the semantic holism debate in terms of "atomism" and "anatomism" is inadequate: it fails to highlight the important issue of how intentional contents are individuated, and excludes or obscures several possible positions on the metaphysics of content. One such position, "weak sociabilism" is important because it addresses concerns of Fodor and LePore's molecularist critics about conditions for possession of concepts, without abandoning atomism about content individuation. Properties like DEMOCRACY may be "theoretical" in the following sense: (...) only devices capable of inference can come to be selectively sensitive to such properties. Thus, such concepts cannot be punctate, although their contents are individuated, as atomism requires, independently of their conceptual connections. (shrink)

In the following discussion, I examine what constitutes the dialectical strain in Putnam’s thought. As part of this examination, I consider Putnam’s criticism of the fact/value dichotomy. I compare this criticism to Putnam’s analysis of the metaphysical realist’s position, a position which has occupied Putnam’s thinking more than any other philosophical stance. I describe how Putnam pursues a chargeof self-refutation against the metaphysical realist and against the proponent of a fact/value dichotomy, a charge which assumes dialectical significance. So it is (...) that the self-refuting nature of these positions is linked to their unintelligibility. My conclusion relates Putnam’s dialectical project to his wider philosophical ambitions, ambitions which are influenced in large part by Wittgensteinian considerations. (shrink)

Cette étude se propose d’éclairer le sens des formules concernant les états extrêmes que comporte la théorie aristotélicienne de la vertu morale exposée au deuxième livre de chaque Éthique ; les états moraux particuliers associés au courage servent à illustrer la structure générale de la notion d’extrême. L’examen porte d’abord sur les vices de lâcheté et de témérité, pour ensuite se tourner vers les états limites (l’absence de crainte, la crainte maladive ou bestiale, l’héroïsme) et enfin vers les états mixtes (...) de mollesse et de fermeté. La taxonomie ainsi précisée est conceptualisée par un schéma traduisant les rapports entre les différents états. (shrink)